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BBC News wants to hear from you. news.bbc.co.uk HET will continue 'crucial work' The special police team set up to investigate murders during the troubles is to make 75 staff redundant. news.bbc.co.uk Open roads 50 years ago the motorway was an empty haven news.bbc.co.uk Warning over internet painkillers UK experts issue a warning after a study showed wide availability of strong painkillers over the internet. news.bbc.co.uk MP attacks 'poverty chief's' pay A senior MP says it is "ridiculous" that the head of a government-owned body which helps to tackle poverty in developing countries earns nearly £1m. news.bbc.co.uk Secondary school closures agreed A council agrees to close three secondary schools and create a new Welsh medium school as part of its reorganisation plans. news.bbc.co.uk Serbia's hunt for Mladic broadens Serbian police launch raids in Belgrade in an intensified hunt for war crimes fugitive Ratko Mladic, but no-one is arrested. news.bbc.co.uk Kenya PM calls for Mugabe removal Power-sharing in Zimbabwe is dead and Africa must unite to oust President Mugabe, says Kenya's prime minister. news.bbc.co.uk Plan for £12m stroke ad campaign A campaign will be launched by the government in the new year to help people remember what the first symptoms of stroke are. news.bbc.co.uk Mother guilty over Shannon kidnap Shannon Matthews's mother and co-accused Michael Donovan are convicted of kidnapping the nine-year-old in a plot to claim a £50,000 reward. news.bbc.co.uk Interest rates Which lenders are passing on the rate cuts to customers? news.bbc.co.uk Pompey crash out after defeat Portsmouth exit the Uefa Cup after they lose to Bundesliga side Wolfsburg. news.bbc.co.uk Bank cuts UK rates to 57-year low The Bank of England has cut interest rates by one percentage point from 3% to 2%, their lowest level since 1951. news.bbc.co.uk Carmakers 'affect entire US economy' General Motors boss Rick Wagoner and his Ford counterpart Alan Mulally admit making mistakes in the way they ran the firms. news.bbc.co.uk UK Honda staff facing redundancy 800 workers at Honda in Northamptonshire face redundancy, following news the F1 team is up for sale. news.bbc.co.uk UK universities' fortunes diverge Universities in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are losing ground to those in England, a report says. news.bbc.co.uk Villa through despite Uefa Cup loss Aston Villa fall to a shock defeat to MSK Zilina but still reach the Uefa Cup's last 32, thanks to Hamburg's victory over Slavia Prague. news.bbc.co.uk Honda poised to quit Formula One Japanese car giant Honda will withdraw from Formula One on Friday and place its team up for sale, BBC Sport understands. news.bbc.co.uk London calling: historic phone call made by Queen is marked A hi-tech celebration will mark 50 years since the first long-distance phone call without using an operator. news.bbc.co.uk Bitter challenge An unprecedented week in Canadian politics news.bbc.co.uk Cash glow How much does a street light cost for one night? news.bbc.co.uk New M-way stretch marks 50 years A major upgrade of the M6 link between England and Scotland is opened, marking 50 years of motorway travel in the UK. news.bbc.co.uk DNA dilemma Will European ruling result in more unsolved crimes? news.bbc.co.uk Sound of 2009 Watch and hear music's rising stars on BBC longlist news.bbc.co.uk After 35 years, Wogan bids adieu to Eurovision Sir Terry Wogan is being replaced by Graham Norton as commentator on the Eurovision Song Contest. news.bbc.co.uk | World Catalog > Regional > North America > United States > Government > Executive Branch > Department of Health and Human Services > Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry > Publications > ToxFAQs Last searches:refinancing texaslast minutecredit card paymentcar insuranceconsolidating香港討論區 World Catalog > Regional > North America > United States > Government > Executive Branch > Department of Health and Human Services > Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry > Publications > ToxFAQsToxFAQs:Exposure to acetone results mostly from breathing air, drinking water, or coming in contact with products or soil that contain acetone. Exposure to moderate-to-high amounts of acetone can irritate your eyes and respiratory system, and make you dizzy. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts21.html Exposure to acrylonitrile occurs mostly from breathing it in the air. Acrylonitrile primarily affects the nervous system and lungs. If it is spilled on the skin, the skin will turn red and blisters may form. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts125.html Free Classified Ads Portal www.graand.com Exposure to aldrin and dieldrin happens mostly from eating contaminated foods, such as root crops, fish, or seafood. Aldrin and dieldrin build up in the body after years of exposure and can affect the nervous system. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts1.html Everyone is exposed to low levels of aluminum from food, air, and water. Exposure to high levels of aluminum may result in respiratory problems. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts22.html Very low levels of americium occur in air, water, soil, and food, as well as in smoke detectors. Exposure to radioactive americium may result in increased cancer risk. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts156.html Ammonia is found throughout the environment in the air, soil, and water, and in plants and animals including humans. Exposure to high levels of ammonia can cause irritation and serious burns on the skin and in the mouth, throat, lungs, and eyes. At very high levels, ammonia can even cause death. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts126.html 2,4- and 2,6-Dinitrotoluene are used in a number of industries. Exposure to high levels may affect the nervous system and the blood. Both are known to cause cancer in laboratory animals. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts109.html The main effect of aniline by any route of exposure is a blood disorder in which oxygen delivery to the tissues is impaired. This may have mild to severe consequences depending on the duration and amount of exposure. Acute exposure to high amounts of aniline may lead to coma and death. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts171.html Breathing high levels of antimony for a long time can irritate the eyes and lungs, and can cause problems with the lungs, heart, and stomach. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts23.html Exposure to asbestos usually occurs by breathing contaminated air in workplaces that make or use asbestos. Asbestos is also found in the air of buildings containing asbestos that are being torn down or renovated. Asbestos exposure can cause serious lung problems and cancer. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts61.html Atrazine is an herbicide. It may affect pregnant women by causing their babies to grow more slowly than normal. Birth defects and liver, kidney, and heart damage has been seen in animals exposed to high levels of atrazine. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts153.html Exposure to automotive gasoline occurs from breathing its vapor while filling a car's fuel tank. At high levels, automotive gasoline is irritating to the lungs when breathed in and irritating to the lining of the stomach when swallowed. Exposure to high levels may also cause harmful effects to the nervous system. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts72.html Benzidine is a manufactured chemical that was used to produce dyes. Occupational exposure has been associated with increased risk of urinary bladder cancer. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts62.html Exposure to 2,3-benzofuran is most likely to occur from breathing contaminated air at the workplace. Animal studies have shown effects on the liver, kidneys, lungs, and stomach from exposure to high levels of 2,3-benzofuran. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts25.html People working or living near beryllium industries have the greatest potential for exposure to beryllium. Lung damage has been observed in people exposed to high levels of beryllium in the air. About 1-15% of all people occupationally-exposed to beryllium in air become sensitive to beryllium and may develop chronic beryllium disease. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts4.html Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether is mainly used as a chemical intermediate to make pesticides, but some of it is used as a solvent and cleaner. It is irritating to the skin, eyes, nose, throat, and lungs. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts127.html Bis(chloromethyl) ether is only used in small amounts inside fully enclosed systems to make other chemicals. Use of this chemical is highly restricted, so chances for exposure are very low. It is highly irritating to the skin, eyes, nose, throat, and lungs and it is a carcinogen. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts128.html Blister Agents: Lewisite (L), Mustard-Lewisite Mixture (HL) People who breathe in vapors of Lewisite or Mustard-Lewisite may experience damage to the respiratory system. Contact with the skin or eye can result in serious burns. Lewisite or Mustard-Lewisite also can cause damage to bone marrow and blood vessels. Exposure to high levels may be fatal. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts163.html Blister Agents: Sulfur Mustard Agent H/HD, Sulfur Mustard Agent HT Exposure to sulfur mustard agents H/HD and HT can occur due to accidental release from a military storage facility. Exposure to sulfur mustards can burn the skin and eyes, cause blisters, and cause respiratory effects such as coughing and bronchitis. Higher levels may cause death. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts165.html Blister Agents: HN-1, HN-2, HN-3 (Nitrogen Mustards) Exposure to vapors of nitrogen mustards can damage the respiratory airways. Contact with the skin or eyes may cause burns. When nitrogen mustards are absorbed by the body, they may cause damage to bone marrow and the immune system. Exposure to high levels can cause death. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts164.html Exposure to boron occurs in the workplace or from using certain consumer products. Breathing moderate levels of boron irritates the nose, throat, and eyes. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts26.html Most bromodichloromethane is formed as a by-product when chlorine is added to water-supply systems. Bromodichloromethane is not known to cause adverse health effects in people, but animal studies show that high concentrations can damage the liver and kidneys and affect the brain. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts129.html Bromoform and Dibromochloromethane Bromoform and dibromochloromethane are formed as by-products when chlorine is added to water supply systems. High levels of bromoform or dibromochloromethane can damage the liver and kidneys and affect the brain. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts130.html Exposure to bromomethane occurs mostly from breathing contaminated air in the workplace or at waste sites. It is usually not found in surface water, soil, or food. Exposure to high levels can affect your lungs and cause breathing difficulty. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts27.html Exposure to 1,3-butadiene occurs mainly from breathing contaminated air. Effects on the nervous system and irritations of the eyes, nose, and throat have been seen in people who breathed contaminated air. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts28.html Exposure to 2-butanone occurs in the workplace or from using consumer products containing it. Mild irritations of the eyes, nose, and throat were seen in people who breathed 2-butanone. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts29.html 2-Butoxyethanol and 2-Butoxyethanol Acetate Exposure to 2-butoxyethanol and butoxyethanol acetate occurs mainly from breathing air or having skin contact with household products containing them. Breathing in large amounts of 2-butoxyethanol or 2-butoxyethanol acetate may result in irritation of the nose and eyes, headache, and vomiting. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts118.html Exposure to cadmium happens mostly in the workplace where cadmium products are made. The general population is exposed from breathing cigarette smoke or eating cadmium contaminated foods. Cadmium damages the lungs, can cause kidney disease, and may irritate the digestive tract. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts5.html Calcium Hypochlorite/Sodium Hypochlorite Sodium and calcium hypochlorite can cause irritation of the eyes, skin, respiratory and gastrointestinal tract. Exposure to high levels can result in severe corrosive damage to the eyes, skin, respiratory and gastrointestinal tissues and can be fatal. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts184.html Breathing very high levels can be life threatening because of its effects on the nervous system. Breathing low levels for long periods may result in headaches, tiredness, trouble sleeping, and slight changes in the nerves. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts82.html Exposure to this substance results mostly from breathing air, drinking water, or coming in contact with soil that is contaminated with it. Exposure to very high amounts of carbon tetrachloride can damage the liver, kidneys, and nervous system. Carbon tetrachloride has caused cancer in animals. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts30.html Exposure to stable or radioactive cesium occurs from ingesting contaminated food or drinking water or breathing contaminated air. High levels of radioactive cesium in or near your body can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bleeding, coma, and even death. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts157.html Exposure to chlordane occurs mostly from eating contaminated foods, such as root crops, meats, fish, and shellfish, or from touching contaminated soil. High levels of chlordane can cause damage to the nervous system or liver. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts31.html Chlorfenvinphos is an insecticide which is no longer used in the United States. Ingesting chlorfenvinphos results primarily on nervous system effects, such as headaches, blurred vision, weakness, and confusion. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts83.html Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins (CDDs) Exposure to dioxins occurs mainly from eating food that contains the chemicals. One chemical in this group, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin has been shown to be very toxic in animal studies. It causes effects on the skin and may cause cancer in people. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts104.html Chlorine gas can cause irritation of the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. Exposure to high levels can result in corrosive damage to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tissues, and could lead to pulmonary edema and even death in extreme cases. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts172.html Chlorine dioxide is a gas that does not occur naturally in the environment. It is used to disinfect drinking water and make it safe to drink. Chlorite is formed when chlorine dioxide reacts with water. High levels of chlorine dioxide can be irritating to the nose, eyes, throat, and lungs. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts160.html Chlorobenzene is used as a solvent for some pesticide formulations, as a degreaser, and to make other chemicals. High levels of chlorobenzene can damage the liver and kidneys and affect the brain. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts131.html Exposure to CDFs occurs mainly by eating certain contaminated foods. Exposure to CDFs is most likely to cause skin and eye irritation, and increased vulnerability to respiratory infection and nervous system effects. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts32.html Exposure to chloroethane can occur from breathing air or drinking water containing it. Exposure to high levels of chloroethane can affect your nervous system, causing lack of muscle control and unconsciousness. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts105.html Breathing chloroform can cause dizziness, fatigue, and headaches. Breathing chloroform or ingesting chloroform over long periods of time may damage your liver and kidneys. It can cause sores if large amounts touch your skin. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts6.html Exposure to high levels of chloromethane can cause serious problems to your nervous system, including convulsions and coma. It can also affect your liver, kidneys, and heart. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts106.html Chlorophenols are a group of compounds that are used in a number of industries and products. Exposure to high levels can cause damage to the liver and immune system. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts107.html Chlorpyrifos is an insecticide which has been widely used in homes and on farms. Breathing or ingesting chlorpyrifos may result in a variety of nervous system effects, ranging from headaches, blurred vision, and salivation to seizures, coma, and death, depending on the amount and length of exposure. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts84.html Exposure to chromium occurs from ingesting contaminated food or drinking water or breathing contaminated workplace air. Chromium(VI) at high levels can damage the nose and can cause cancer. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts7.html Cobalt has both beneficial and harmful effects on health. At low levels, it is part of vitamin B12, which is essential for good health. At high levels, it may harm the lungs and heart. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts33.html Low levels of copper are essential for maintaining good health. High levels can cause harmful effects such as irritation of the nose, mouth and eyes, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea, and even death. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts132.html Exposure to cresols occurs mainly from breathing air containing car exhaust, breathing air from homes heated with coal or wood, and smoking cigarettes. Cresols, when breathed at very high levels, may cause irritation of the nose and throat. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts34.html The general population can be exposed to crotonaldehyde by inhaling tobacco smoke, gasoline and diesel engine exhausts, and smoke from wood burning. People working with crotonaldehyde to manufacture other chemicals may be exposed to higher levels http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts180.html Exposure to high levels of cyanide harms the brain and heart, and may cause coma and death. Exposure to lower levels may result in breathing difficulties, heart pains, vomiting, blood changes, headaches, and enlargement of the thyroid gland. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts8.html High levels of DDT can affect the nervous system causing excitability, tremors and seizures. In women, DDE can cause a reduction in the duration of lactation and an increased chance of having a premature baby. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts35.html Exposure to diazinon is most significant in people who work in the manufacture and professional application of this insecticide. Very high levels of exposure to diazinon have resulted in death. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts86.html Diborane is a manufactured, toxic, flammable gas. Exposure can occur primarily during manufacture or use in industry. The general population is not exposed to diborane. Exposure to diborane can cause irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, and respiratory airway. It can also cause skin irritation. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts181.html Exposure to 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane occurs mainly from drinking water or eating food that contains the chemical. At high levels, this chemical may cause damage to the male reproductive system. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts36.html Exposure to 1,2-dibromoethane can result from drinking groundwater or breathing air that is contaminated. 1,2-dibromoethane can affect the brain, damage skin, damage sperm in males, and even cause death if exposure is very high. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts37.html Exposure to high levels of 1,2- or 1,4-dichlorobenzene may be very irritating to your eyes and nose and cause difficult breathing, and an upset stomach. Extremely high exposures to 1,4-dichlorobenzene can result in dizziness, headaches, and liver problems. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts10.html Exposure to 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine may cause sore throat, respiratory infections, stomach upset, headache, dizziness, burns, and dermatitis. It has been found to cause tumors in a variety of organs in animals. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts108.html 1,1-Dichloroethane is used to make other chemicals and to dissolve and remove grease. Breathing very high levels can affect your heart and animal studies have seen kidney disease from long-term exposure to high levels in air. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts133.html Exposure to 1,2-dichloroethane usually occurs by breathing contaminated air in workplaces that use 1,2-dichloroethane. Breathing or ingesting high levels of 1,2-dichloroethane can cause damage to the nervous system, liver, kidneys, and lungs and may cause cancer. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts38.html Exposure to 1,1-dichloroethene occurs mainly in the workplace. Breathing high levels of 1,1-dichloroethene can affect the liver, kidney, and central nervous system. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts39.html Exposure to 1,2-dichloroethene occurs mainly in workplaces where it is made or used. Breathing high levels of 1,2-dichloroethene can make you feel nauseous, drowsy, and tired. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts87.html 1,2-Dichloropropane is primarily used to make other chlorinated chemicals. Exposure to high levels of 1,2-dichloropropane can damage the liver, kidneys, blood, and lungs, and affect the brain. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts134.html Exposure to 1,3-dichloropropene occurs mainly on farms where it is used to treat crops or in factories where it is made. When breathed at very high levels, 1,3-dichloropropene may irritate the skin, eyes, nose, and throat, and other effects. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts40.html Dichlorvos is an insecticide which is used to control insects primarily in storage areas and barns. It can affect the nervous system where it may cause nausea and vomiting, restlessness, sweating, and muscle tremors at high levels. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts88.html Exposure to diethyl phthalate occurs when you use plastics that contain it, and when you eat food from plastic containers made with it. Health effects have not been reported in people exposed to diethyl phthalate. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts73.html Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) DEHP is found in many plastics. Exposure to DEHP is generally very low. Increased exposures may come from intravenous fluids delivered through plastic tubing, and from ingesting contaminated foods or water. DEHP is not toxic at the low levels usually present in the environment. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts9.html Exposure to diisopropyl methylphosphonate would only occur if you live near the area where it was made and stored. Diisopropyl methylphosphonate may cause skin rashes if your skin comes in contact with it. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts119.html Di-n-butyl phthalate is added to plastics, paint, glue, hair spray, and other household products. People are exposed to low levels in the air, water, and food. No harmful effects have been found in humans. In laboratory animals, oral exposure to very high levels can cause impaired reproduction and developmental effects. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts135.html 1,3-Dinitrobenzene and 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene Exposure to 1,3-dinitrobenzene and 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene may occur from contaminated water, food, air, and soil near an Army ammunitions plant or other chemical manufacturer. High levels of 1,3-dinitrobenzene affect the ability of blood to carry oxygen. Effects of 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene are expected to be similar. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts74.html Exposure to dinitrocresols occurs mainly from breathing air, drinking water, or eating food that contains the chemicals. At high levels, these chemicals may cause skin rashes or yellowing; increased heart and breathing rates; damage to the liver, stomach, and kidneys; and even death. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts63.html At low levels, these chemicals may cause cataracts, serious skin rashes, and decreases in white blood cells. At high levels, these chemicals may cause increased heart and breathing rates, and even death. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts64.html Exposure to di-n-octylphthalate occurs mainly from eating food or drinking water that is stored in plastic containers. The health effects of breathing, ingesting, or touching di-n-octylphthalate are not known. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts95.html Exposure to 1,4-dioxane occurs from breathing contaminated air, ingestion of contaminated food and drinking water, and dermal contact with products such as cosmetics, containing 1,4-dioxane. Exposure to high levels of 1,4-dioxane can result in liver and kidney damage. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts187.html 1,2-Diphenylhydrazine is a man-made chemical that was once used in fabric dyes but now is only used to make certain medicines. No harmful effects on people have been reported. Animal studies indicate that it may affect the liver, lungs, and digestive system. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts136.html Exposure to disulfoton happens mostly from breathing contaminated air, drinking contaminated water, and eating contaminated food. High exposures can cause harmful effects on the nervous system. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts65.html Exposure to endosulfan happens mostly from eating contaminated food, but may also occur from skin contact, breathing contaminated air, or drinking contaminated water. Endosulfan affects the function of the central nervous system. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts41.html Swallowing very large amounts of endrin may cause convulsions and kill you in a few minutes or hours. Exposure to high doses may result in headaches, dizziness, nervousness, confusion, nausea, vomiting, and convulsions. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts89.html Ethion affects the function of the central nervous system and at high doses can cause nausea, blurring or dimness of vision, muscle tremors, and labored breathing. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts152.html Ethylbenzene is a colorless liquid found in a number of products including gasoline and paints. Breathing very high levels can cause dizziness and throat and eye irritation. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts110.html Ethylene Glycol and Propylene Glycol Ethylene glycol and propylene glycol are clear liquids used in antifreeze and deicing solutions. Exposure to large amounts of ethylene glycol can damage the kidneys, heart, and nervous system. Propylene glycol is generally regarded as safe for use in food. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts96.html Most of the ethylene oxide is used to make other chemicals such as ethylene glycol, but smaller amounts are used as a pesticide or to sterilize medical equipment. Exposure to ethylene oxide can cause irritation of the eyes, skin, nose, throat, and lungs, and damage to the brain and nerves. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts137.html Fluorine, Hydrogen Fluoride, and Fluorides Low levels of fluorides can help prevent dental cavities. At high levels, fluorides can result in tooth and bone damage. Hydrogen fluoride and fluorine are naturally-occurring gases that are very irritating to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts11.html Everyone is exposed to small amounts of formaldehyde in air and some foods and products. Formaldehyde can cause irritation of the skin, eyes, nose, and throat. High levels of exposure may cause some types of cancers. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts111.html Fuel oils are liquid mixtures produced from petroleum, and their use mostly involves burning them as fuels. Drinking or breathing fuel oils may cause nausea or nervous system effects. However, exposure under normal use conditions is not likely to be harmful. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts75.html Exposure to hexachlorobenzene occurs primarily from eating low levels in contaminated food. The main health effect from eating highly contaminated food is a liver disease. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts90.html Most exposure to hexachlorobutadiene comes from breathing it in workplace air. People living near hazardous waste sites may be exposed to it by breathing air or by drinking contaminated water. Animal studies suggest that hexachlorobutadiene can damage the kidneys and liver and may cause kidney tumors. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts42.html Exposure to hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) happens mostly from eating contaminated food or by breathing contaminated air in the workplace. Exposure to high levels of HCH can cause blood disorders, dizziness, headaches, seizures, and changes in the levels of sex hormones. HCH has caused cancer in animals. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts43.html Hexachlorocyclopentadiene (HCCPD) HCCPD is used in a group of related pesticides, but only two of these are registered for use in the United States. Human data are limited, but it can cause headaches and irritate the nose, throat, eye, and skin. Animal tests suggests that very high levels of HCCPD can cause death. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts112.html Hexachloroethane is a colorless solid that gradually evaporates when it is exposed to air. It is used in the manufacture of aluminum and by the military for smoke-producing devices. Exposure to hexachloroethane can be irritating to the skin, nose, lungs, and eyes. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts97.html Exposure to hexamethylene diisocyanate occurs mainly in the workplace, where it is used as a paint hardener. Hexamethylene diisocyanate may cause an allergic, asthma-like syndrome, consisting of coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts120.html Exposure to 2-hexanone is likely to occur from living near or working in plants that make gas from coal, process oil shale, or produce wood pulp, or if you live near a hazardous waste site where 2-hexanone is found. Exposure to hexanone is most likely to affect the nervous system. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts44.html HMX is an explosive. People who work at facilities that make HMX may be exposed to it. In one human study, no adverse effects were reported in workers exposed to unknown concentrations of HMX. Animal studies indicate that HMX may be harmful to the liver and central nervous system if it is swallowed or gets on the skin. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts98.html Exposure to hydraulic fluids occurs mainly in the workplace. Drinking certain types of hydraulic fluids can cause death in humans, and swallowing or inhaling certain types of hydraulic fluids has caused nerve damage in animals. Contact with some types of hydraulic fluids can irritate your skin or eyes. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts99.html Hydrazine, 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine and 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine Hydrazines are colorless liquids that are used in rocket fuels, chemical manufacturing, and as boiler water treatments. Exposure to hydrazines may cause nervous system effects, as well as liver and kidney damage. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts100.html Hydrogen chloride gas can cause irritation of the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. Exposure to high levels can result in corrosive damage to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tissues, and could lead to pulmonary edema and even death in extreme cases. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts173.html Low exposure may occur from use at home; higher exposures may occur from industrial use. Exposure to hydrogen peroxide can cause irritation of the eyes, throat, respiratory airway, and skin. Drinking concentrated liquid can cause mild to severe gastrointestinal effects. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts174.html Hydrogen sulfide occurs naturally and is also produced by human activities. Just a few breaths of air containing high levels of hydrogen sulfide gas can cause death. Lower, longer-term exposure can cause eye irritation, headache, and fatigue. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts114.html Iodine is a naturally occurring element that is required for good health. Exposure to high levels of stable or radioactive iodine can cause damage to the thyroid. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts158.html Ionizing radiation, like heat and light, is a form of energy. It includes particles and rays given off by radioactive material, stars, and high-voltage equipment. Most of it occurs naturally and some is produced by human activities. At very high doses, ionizing radiation can cause illness or death. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts149.html Isophorone is used in the printing industry. Exposure to high levels causes irritation of the nose and throat, dizziness, and fatigue. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts138.html Breathing in large amounts of JP-5 and JP-8 may result in headaches, difficulty in concentrating, coordination problems, and fatigue. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts121.html JP-4 and JP-7 are liquid mixtures produced from petroleum and used by the U.S. Air Force as aircraft fuels. Breathing large amounts of the vapors from these fuels may cause nausea and nervous system effects. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts76.html Exposure to lead can happen from breathing workplace air or dust, eating contaminated foods, or drinking contaminated water. Children can be exposed from eating lead-based paint chips or playing in contaminated soil. Lead can damage the nervous system, kidneys, and reproductive system. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts13.html Malathion is used to treat head lice on humans, to kill fleas on pets, and to kill insects in gardens. Exposure to malathion may also occur at farms where it has been sprayed on crops. Exposure to high amounts of malathion can cause difficulty breathing, chest tightness, vomiting, cramps, diarrhea, blurred vision, sweating, headaches, dizziness, loss of consciousness, and possibly death. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts154.html Manganese is a trace element and eating a small amount from food or water is needed to stay healthy. At high levels, it can cause damage to the brain, liver, kidneys, and the developing fetus. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts151.html Exposure to mercury occurs from breathing contaminated air, ingesting contaminated water and food, and having dental and medical treatments. Mercury, at high levels, may damage the brain, kidneys and the developing fetus. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts46.html In animals, high levels of methoxychlor caused tremors and convulsions, and affected fertility. Little is known about the effects of methoxychlor on human health. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts47.html Exposure to low levels of methyl isocyanate can cause eye and throat irritation. People exposed to high levels of methyl isocyanate in the air have experienced severe lung and eye damage. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts182.html Methyl mercaptan is a natural substance released from decaying matter. Little is known about the health effects of this compound. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts139.html Exposure to methyl parathion may occur at farms where it has been used as a pesticide. Under certain exposure conditions, methyl parathion can affect the central nervous system resulting in dizziness, headache, difficulty breathing, vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, blurred vision, sweating, and possibly death. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts48.html Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE) Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) is a flammable liquid which is used as an additive in unleaded gasoline. Drinking or breathing MTBE may cause nausea, nose and throat irritation, and nervous system effects. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts91.html Breathing in large amounts of methylene chloride can damage the central nervous system. Contact of eyes or skin with methylene chloride can result in burns. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts14.html 4,4'-Methylenebis(2-Chloroaniline) (MBOCA) Exposure to MBOCA happens mostly in the workplace by touching it or by breathing contaminated air. MBOCA is suspected of causing bladder cancer in people and animals. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts45.html Exposure to 4,4'-methylenedianiline occurs mainly in the workplace. Liver damage and skin irritation may occur from exposure to high levels of 4,4'-methylenedianiline. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts122.html Exposure to mirex and chlordecone occurs mainly from touching or eating soil or food that contains the chemicals. At high levels, these chemicals may cause damage to the skin, liver, or nervous and reproductive systems. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts66.html Naphthalene, 1-Methylnapthalene, 2-Methylnapthalene Exposure to large amounts of naphthalene may damage or destroy some of your red blood cells. Naphthalene has caused cancer in animals. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts67.html Exposure to nerve agents can occur due to accidental release from a military storage facility. Nerve agents are highly toxic regardless of the route of exposure. Exposure to nerve agents can cause tightness of the chest, excessive salivation, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, blurred vision, tremors, and death. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts166.html n-Hexane is mixed with solvents for a number of uses. Inhaling n-hexane causes nerve damage and paralysis of the arms and legs. Some people abuse products containing n-hexane by inhaling it to get "high." http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts113.html Skin effects are the most common effects in people who are sensitive to nickel. Workers who breathed very large amounts of nickel compounds developed chronic bronchitis and lung and nasal sinus cancers. Ingesting large amounts of nickel affected the reproduction and development in rats and mice. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts15.html Nitrobenzene is used mainly as an intermediate to produce another chemical. Repeated exposures to high levels result in a blood disorder in people. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts140.html Everybody is exposed to small amounts of nitrogen oxides in ambient air. Higher exposure may occur by burning wood or kerosene or near gas stoves or if you smoke. Exposure to high levels of nitrogen oxides can damage the respiratory airways. Contact with the skin or eyes can cause burns. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts175.html Everyone is exposed to very low levels of the nitrophenols in air, water, and soil. Workers who make or process the chemicals may be exposed to higher levels of them. Animal studies suggest that 4-nitrophenol may cause a blood disorder. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts50.html N-Nitrosodimethylamine is produced by industry in small amounts but may be formed in the environment from chemical reactions. It causes liver cancer in animals. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts141.html N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine is a chemical produced by industry in small amounts for research. Evidence from animal studies indicates that it may cause cancer. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts142.html People living near some hazardous waste sites may be exposed to it by drinking contaminated water of by touching or breathing contaminated soil and dust. Limited animal studies suggest that N-nitrosodiphenylamine can damage the bladder and kidneys. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts16.html Otto Fuel II and Its Components Headaches are the most common effects from overexposure. Other effects include loss of balance, poor eye-hand coordination, eye irritation, nasal congestion, nausea, dizziness, and difficulty breathing. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts77.html Pentachlorophenol is a restricted use pesticide used industrially as a wood preservative for utility poles, railroad ties, and wharf pilings. Exposure to high levels of pentachlorophenol can cause increases in body temperature, liver effects, damage to the immune system, reproductive effects, and developmental effects. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts51.html Phenol is a manufactured substance found in a number of consumer products. Skin exposure to high levels of phenol has resulted in liver damage, diarrhea, dark urine, and hemolytic anemia. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts115.html Phosgene is a colorless, nonflammable gas at room temperature. Higher exposure may occur during manufacture or industrial use. Exposure to phosgene in the air can cause eye and throat irritation. High amounts in the air can cause severe lung damage. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts176.html Phosgene oxime was developed as a chemical warfare agent. Exposure to high levels of phosgene oxime vapors may cause severe lung damage, and even death. Contact with gaseous, liquid, or solid phosgene oxime may result in severe skin or eye damage. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts167.html Phosphine is a colorless, flammable, and explosive gas at ambient temperature that has the odor of garlic or decaying fish. Exposure to phosphine can cause abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. High levels can cause weakness, bronchitis, pulmonary edema, shortness of breath, convulsions, and death. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts177.html Plutonium is a radioactive material that does not occur naturally to any extent, but is produced in nuclear reactors. It has been found to cause lung, liver, and bone cancer in animals. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts143.html PBBs are chemicals produced by human activity and are found in plastics used in many consumer products to make them difficult to burn. PBBs are no longer produced but can still be found in the environment. Some people who ate food contaminated with PBBs in the 1970s had skin problems. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts68.html PCBs are a mixture of chemicals which are no longer produced in the United States, but are still found in the environment. Health effects that have been associated with exposure to PCBs include acne-like skin conditions in adults and neurobehavioral and immunological changes in children. PCBs are known to cause cancer in animals. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts17.html Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons usually occurs by breathing air contaminated by wild fires or coal tar, or by eating foods that have been grilled. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts69.html Pyrethrins and pyrethroids are insecticides that are applied to crops, garden plants, pets, and also directly to humans. High levels of pyrethrins or pyrethroids can cause dizziness, headache, nausea, muscle twitching, reduced energy, changes in awareness, convulsions and loss of consciousness. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts155.html Everyone is exposed to very low levels of pyridine in air, water, and food. Workers who make or use the chemical may be exposed to higher levels of it. Studies in people and animals suggest that pyridine may damage the liver. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts52.html Radium is a radioactive substance formed from the breakdown of uranium and thorium. Exposure to high levels results in an increased risk of bone, liver, and breast cancer. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts144.html Radon is an odorless, radioactive gas formed from the breakdown of uranium. Exposure to high levels results in an increased risk of lung cancer. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts145.html RDX is an explosive. Few people will be exposed to RDX. Exposure to large amounts can cause seizures. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts78.html People may be exposed to low levels of selenium daily through food and water. Selenium is a trace mineral needed in small amounts for good health, but exposure to much higher levels can result in neurological effects and brittle hair and deformed nails. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts92.html Selenium hexafluoride is a corrosive gas. Exposure to selenium hexafluoride can cause irritation of the respiratory airway, skin and eyes. Exposure to high levels can cause severe skin and eye damage and accumulation of fluid in the lungs, and even death. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts183.html Silver is an element found naturally in the environment. At very high levels, it may cause argyria, a blue-gray discoloration of the skin and other organs. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts146.html Sodium hydroxide is present in several domestic cleaning products. Very low levels can produce irritation of the skin and eyes. Exposure to the solid or concentrated liquid can cause severe burns in the eyes, skin, and gastrointestinal tract which may ultimately lead to death. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts178.html Exposure to Stoddard solvent occurs mainly in the workplace. People who breathe Stoddard solvent can experience headaches; dizziness; and eye, skin, or throat irritation. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts79.html Exposure to stable or radioactive strontium occurs from ingesting contaminated food or drinking water or breathing contaminated air. In children, high levels of stable strontium can impair bone growth. High levels of radioactive strontium can cause anemia or cancer. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts159.html Exposure to styrene is most likely to occur from breathing indoor air that is contaminated with styrene vapors from building materials, tobacco smoke, and consumer products. Breathing styrene is most likely to affect the nervous system. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts53.html Exposure to sulfur dioxide occurs from breathing it in the air. It affects the lungs and at high levels may result in burning of the nose and throat, breathing difficulties, and severe airway obstructions. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts116.html Sulfur mustard can cause irritation and burns of the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract, reproductive effects, and may cause cancer of the respiratory tract. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts49.html Sulfur Trioxide and Sulfuric Acid Sulfur trioxide is formed from sulfur dioxide. It forms sulfuric acid when it comes in contact with water. Sulfuric acid can cause burns to the skin, eyes, lungs, and digestive tract. Severe exposure can result in death. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts117.html Synthetic vitreous fibers are manmade fibrous materials used for thermal and sound insulating purposes. Short-term exposure can cause reversible skin, eye, and lung irritation. Some refractory ceramic fiber workers showed changes in their chest x-rays, but these changes are not associated with breathing problems. There is no clear association between exposure to synthetic vitreous fibers and cancer in humans. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts161.html Breathing high levels of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane can cause fatigue, vomiting, dizziness, and possibly unconsciousness. Breathing, drinking, or touching it for a long period of time can cause liver damage, stomachaches, or dizziness. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts93.html Tetrachloroethylene is used in dry cleaning and metal degreasing. Exposure to very high concentrations of tetrachloroethylene can cause dizziness, headaches, sleepiness, confusion, nausea, difficulty in speaking and walking, unconsciousness, and death. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts18.html Exposure to tetryl occurs around military installations where it was made, used, or stored. Workers who breathed tetryl-laden dust complained of coughs, fatigue, headaches, eye irritation, lack of appetite, nosebleeds, nausea, and vomiting. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts80.html Exposure to thallium occurs mainly from eating food. Exposure to higher levels of thallium may occur in the workplace. Breathing high levels of thallium may result in effects on the nervous system, while ingesting high levels of it results in vomiting, diarrhea, temporary hair loss, and other effects. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts54.html Thorium is a radioactive substance that occurs naturally in the environment. It has been shown to cause an increase in cancers of the lung, pancreas, and blood in workers exposed to high levels of it in the air. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts147.html Swallowing large amounts of inorganic tin compounds may cause stomach aches, anemia, and liver and kidney problems. Humans exposed for a short period of time to some organic tin compounds have experienced skin and eye irritation and neurological problems; exposure to very high amounts may be lethal. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts55.html Titanium tetrachloride is very irritating to the eyes, skin, mucous membranes, and the lungs. Breathing in large amounts can cause serious injury to the lungs. Contact with the liquid can burn the eyes and skin. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts101.html Exposure to toluene occurs from breathing contaminated workplace air, in automobile exhaust, some consumer products paints, paint thinners, fingernail polish, lacquers, and adhesives. Toluene affects the nervous system. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts56.html Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) TPH is a mixture of many different compounds. Everyone is exposed to TPH from many sources, including gasoline pumps, spilled oil on pavement, and chemicals used at home or work. Some TPH compounds can affect your nervous system, causing headaches and dizziness. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts123.html Toxaphene is an insecticide which is currently banned for all uses in the United States. Breathing, eating, or drinking high levels of toxaphene could damage the lungs, nervous system, and kidneys, and can even cause death. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts94.html Exposure to 1,1,1-trichloroethane usually occurs by breathing contaminated air. It is found in building materials, cleaning products, paints, and metal degreasing agents. Inhaling high levels of 1,1,1-trichloroethane can cause you to become dizzy and lightheaded. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts70.html 1,1,2-Trichloroethane is primarily used as a solvent and a chemical intermediate in industry. Breathing high levels of it caused effects on the liver, kidney, and nervous system in animals. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts148.html Trichloroethylene is a colorless liquid which is used as a solvent for cleaning metal parts. Drinking or breathing high levels of trichloroethylene may cause nervous system effects, liver and lung damage, abnormal heartbeat, coma, and possibly death. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts19.html Exposure to 1,2,3-trichloropropane may occur from drinking water or from breathing air that is contaminated. This is most likely to occur near facilities that produce the chemical or near hazardous waste sites. People who are exposed to 1,2,3-trichloropropane can have eye and throat irritation. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts57.html Exposure to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene occurs through eating, drinking, touching, or inhaling contaminated soil, water, food, or air. Health effects reported in people exposed to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene include anemia, abnormal liver function, skin irritation, and cataracts. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts81.html Tungsten is a naturally occurring element. Exposure to very low levels of tungsten may occur by breathing air, eating food, or drinking water that contains tungsten. No specific health effects have been associated with exposure to tungsten in humans. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts186.html Uranium is a naturally occurring substance that is mildly radioactive. Everyone is exposed to low amounts of uranium through food, air, and water. Exposure to high levels of uranium can cause kidney disease. It is not known to cause cancer, but it can decay into other radioactive materials that may. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts150.html Used Mineral-Based Crankcase Oil Used mineral-based crankcase oil is also called used engine oil. Exposure to very high levels of used oil can cause skin rashes, headaches and tremors. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts102.html Everyone is exposed to low levels of vanadium in air, water, and food; however, most people are exposed mainly from food. Breathing high levels of vanadium may cause lung irritation, chest pain, coughing, and other effects. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts58.html Exposure to vinyl acetate occurs mainly in the workplace. Breathing high levels of it for a short time may irritate your eyes, nose, and throat. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts59.html Exposure to vinyl chloride occurs mainly in the workplace. Breathing high levels of vinyl chloride for short periods of time can cause dizziness, sleepiness, unconsciousness, and at extremely high levels can cause death. Breathing vinyl chloride for long periods of time can result in permanent liver damage, immune reactions, nerve damage, and liver cancer. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts20.html White phosphorus is a waxy solid which burns easily and is used in chemical manufacturing and smoke munitions. Exposure to white phosphorus may cause burns and irritation, liver, kidney, heart, lung, or bone damage, and death. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts103.html Wood Creosote, Coal Tar Creosote, Coal Tar, Coal Tar Pitch, and Coal Tar Pitch Volatiles Creosote is a mixture of many chemicals. Eating food or drinking water with high levels of creosote may cause burning in the mouth, and throat, stomach pains, severe skin irritation, convulsions, and kidney and liver problems. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts85.html Low levels of zinc are essential for maintaining good health. Exposure to high levels of zinc occurs mostly from eating food, drinking water, or breathing workplace air that is contaminated. 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